Georgia has a challenging history of decentralisation. However, the main reforms have been enacted in 2014 and municipalities of Georgia has been given several major competencies and partial fiscal decentralisation has been achieved. Some other political transformations have been achieved, which indirectly have been impacting local economic development. The following analysis shows the economic productivity of Georgian regions, including Tbilisi. As the decentralisation process in Georgia is precisely related to municipalities, but statistical information is not sufficient to analyse, author and co-author empirically decided to analyse aggregated data and focus on regions, which consist of municipalities. Therefore, the sum of municipalities' economic productivity is reflected in regional terms. Economic productivity consists of multiple variables, however, according to the National Statistics Office of Georgia, all available data will be used for the comprehensive analysis of the proposed topic. Research methodology includes literature review, where researches of relevant studies of relevant countries will be examined, i.e. Baltic states and Poland. The following research is part of the Ph.D. research cycle, where the aim is to find the optimal model for developing financially self-sufficient municipalities and regions in Georgia. Main part of the analysis in the following is to find the strongest correlation between variables, which increase productivity, therefore can stimulate investment attractiveness and have a solid impact on economic development.
Agricultural water-saving irrigation represents an important component of environmental protection with the potential to improve economic development and environmental protection of water-receiving areas, but little is known about the relationship between South-to-North Water Diversion Project and the usage of water-saving irrigation machinery. This paper exploits the 2013–2014 China South-to-North Water Diversion Project reforms which significantly alleviated the water shortage problem in north China. By linking administrative claims data to water-saving irrigation machinery numbers for water-receiving provinces and the control provinces, this paper finds that water-receiving provinces experienced a 19.6 percent post-reform decline in water-saving irrigation machinery usage, and a 7.3 percent drop in water-saving irrigation area relative to other provinces.
Consumer behavior being one of the most challenging areas in marketing focuses on the purchasing, consuming and using products and services. Consumer Behavior is largely impacted by social, psychological, cultural and personal factors. In the recent years the trend towards the consumption of organic foods has grown largely. Organic Foods have been long considered to be more nutritious, health and ecologically sound compared to ordinary foods. Although, Organic Foods come for a price which is expensive than any other conventional foods, people are ready to pay the extra amount. The study aims to analyze the factors that influence that buying behavior of a consumer when s/he purchases an organic food product. This study uses independent t-test, ANOVA techniques to confirm the results from the data that has been collected. According to this study, price, subjective norms, and understanding of health issues are some of the elements that have a significant impact on how consumers feel abo4ut buying organic food. Other than the confirmed factors ‘availability’ is another factor that affects the consumer attitude. One can infer from the obtained results that these factors not only influence buyers point of view towards the organic food but it also influences the buying behavior of the consumer. Additionally, age, education, and income are some of the key elements that affect real purchasing behaviour. This research also help to better understand how consumers feel about the organic food business as a whole and their purchasing habits and intentions. The findings of the study have their suggestions for the market's merchants, regulatory bodies, and organic food industry businesses. Towards the end, this research comes up with instructions and recommendations for marketers and merchants who work with organic goods and want to grow the organic food sector.
This study aims to examine the effects of research and developmnet expenditures, innovation, and investments on development between 1990-2019 in Turkey. In the examination, the Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model was used as a method. The reason for the use of this method in the analysis is that the variables are static at different levels. As a result of the analysis performed in this direction, it was found that there was a cointegration relationship between the variables. Then the error correction model was established and the long-term coefficients of the series were estimated. In the forecasts, a positive and statistically significant relationship was found between research and developmnet expenditures and development in the long term. Between innovation and development, there was a positive but statistically meaningless relationship. In the analysis, it was concluded that there was a negative and statistically meaningless relationship between development and investments.
Our study aims to afford an empirical insight on the factors that have a great impact on financial inclusion levels in Algeria during the period Q12004-Q42019, using ARDL approach. Using the dataset provided by the World Bank, our empirical results found that the composite index of financial inclusion (FII) based on three dimensions following Sarma (2008) approach is bounded from 0.08 to 0.51, which is proportionally small. Farther, the estimation findings revealed a positive relationship between financial inclusion index and GDP per capita as a proxy of incomes, population, oil rent, interest rate, while, money supply is not significant factor. However, the strong positive relationship is found between FII and corruption, fixed phone subscriptions as a measure of internet access, which means there are the most important determinant of FII in Algeria.
This paper has focused on the willingness of owners to reinvest their profit back into a company. Research gaps in the investigation of financial issues in the healthcare industry are apparent in the literature. The aim of this paper is to estimate the differences in reinvestments between dentistry companies operating in western or central and eastern Europe (CEE). Annual Orbis data were obtained from financial reports from 3,711 western and 1,173 CEE companies. The generalized method of moments with panel data, currently modified by Kripfganz (2019), has been deployed as the main estimation technique. The estimated sample has been divided according to the return on assets into quartiles. The results clearly show that western owners rather reinvested their earnings back into their businesses, whereas CEE owners reinvest at a lower level. Furthermore, the willingness to reinvest, as well as the financial constraints related to that, can affect the quality of dentistry services.
This study discusses how the health expenditures in OECD countries and Türkiye are financed, and the similarities and differences in health expenditures. With the COVID-19 pandemic, 2020 was a year in which the economy slowed down but health expenditures increased. Total health expenditures worldwide reached 8.7 trillion dollars in 2020. In Türkiye, the total health expenditure increased by 24.3% in 2020 compared to the previous year and reached 249 billion 932 million TL. The ratio of current health expenditure to GDP was 4.6% in Türkiye in 2020, while the average of OECD countries was 8.8%. States appear as the party that covers the vast majority of health expenditures. While the ratio of general government health expenditure to total health expenditure in Türkiye is 79.2% in 2020, average of OECD countries is 73%. When inter-country per capita health expenditures are compared, we can see that the inter-country differences are very large and some countries spend only 1% of GDP and some more than 10% of their GDPs for health services. This study covers the data set from year 2000 to 2020, when all health expenditures data are fully available, and analyzes comparatively the health expenditures of the OECD and the Turkish health expenditures during this time period. The results show that Türkiye is in the last place between 2000-2020 in total health expenditures among OECD countries but improving in almost all indicators related to healthcare.
The study examined income smoothing and performance of enterprises: A study of manufacturing firms in Nigeria. The objective is to determine whether income smoothing has relationship with performance of businesses taking a study of manufacturing firms in Nigeria. Using purposively sampling, technique data for five years (2017-2021) on Market Value Per Share (MVPS), Earnings Per Share (EPS), Net Assets Value Per Share (MVPS), Earnings Per Share (EPS), Net and Income (NI) were obtained from the annual reports of selected 20 manufacturing firms quoted on Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) as at 31st December, 2021. The analysis of the data was done using correlation and regression methods. Further, F-test statistics was done to compare variance obtained from the grouped sample. It was found that relationship exist between income smoothing and performance of manufacturing business, it was also found that firms in the high sales bracket presents less variable income numbers in their financial statements implying smoothed income than those manufacturing enterprises in the low sales bracket. The study recommends engagement of qualified and skilled auditors to investors for proper analysis of financial statements of enterprises for identification of smoothed income in the financial statements which in some cases are done fraudulently.
