Aspects of the economics of demography in Bulgaria

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.2478/rsep-2025-0002

Keywords:

Demografic Process, Labor Force, Crisis Situation, Economics, Economics Policies, Stratigies Bulgaria

Abstract

The demographic processes that have been taking place in the last few decades are of interest both from a scientific and practical point of view in the formation of national policy in this direction. The observed negative trends are characteristic of almost all regions of Bulgaria and give rise to a number of alarming trends. The formation of several main centers and peripheries is almost characteristic of the entire country. The labor force is in particular shortage in some of the regions, and research shows large disparities and a number of deficits. The present study focuses on two specific regions that have different economic characteristics. An attempt is made to analyze the current situation and search for possible solutions to overcome the crisis that has arisen.

References

Ampah, S. N., Ambrose, J. O., Omagwa, J. O., & Frimpong, S. (2017). Effect of access to credit and financial services on poverty reduction in the central region of Ghana. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 8(8), 49-60.

Bari, M. A., Khan, G. D., Khuram, M. A., Islam, Md. J., & Yoshida, Y. (2024). Financial inclusion and expenditure patterns: Insights from slum households in Bangladesh. Cogent Economics & Finance, 12(1).

Bhutta, N., & Hizmo, A. (2022). Do minorities pay more for mortgages? The Review of Financial Studies, 35(4), 1597-1641. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhab042

Bidisha, S. H., Khan, A., Imran, K., Khondker, B. H., & Suhrawardy, G. M. (2017). Role of credit in food security and dietary diversity in Bangladesh. Economic Analysis and Policy, 53, 33-45.

Bocher, T. F., Alemu, B. A., & Kelbore, Z. G. (2017). Does access to credit improve household welfare? Evidence from Ethiopia using endogenous regime switching regression. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 8(1), 51-65.

Boko, J., Raju, D., & Younger, S. D. (2023). Government social protection programme spending and household welfare in Lesotho. South African Journal of Economics, 91(3), 375-393.

Bruhn, M., & Love, I. (2014). The Real Impact of Improved Access to Finance: Evidence from Mexico. The Journal of Finance, 69(3), 1347–1376. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43611187

Bukari, C., Peprah, J. A., Ayifah, R. N. Y., & Annim, S. K. (2021). Effects of credit ‘plus’ on poverty reduction in Ghana. The Journal of Development Studies, 57(2), 343-360.

Burgess, R. and Pande, R. (2005) Can Rural Banks Reduce Poverty? Evidence from the Indian Social Banking Experiment. American Economic Review, 95, 780-795. https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828054201242

Café, R. M. (2023). Access to credit and quality of expenditure: evidence from Brazilian municipalities. Cadernos de Finanças Públicas, 23(1).

Choudhury, H. A., Das, A., & Rahman, A. (2017). The effectiveness of micro-credit programmes focusing on household income, expenditure and savings: Evidence from Bangladesh. Journal of Competitiveness.

Crush, Jonathan & Dodson, Belinda & Williams, Vincent & Tevera, Daniel. (2017). Harnessing Migration for Inclusive Growth and Development in Southern Africa. 10.2307/j.ctvh8r3q1.

Dagnew, D. K., & Kaur, R. (2016). The impact of microfinance on household expenditure patterns: Evidence from Amhara Credit and Saving Institution, Ethiopia. International Journal in Management & Social Science, 4(1), 88-97.

FinScope Lesotho 2021 report.

Friedman, M. (1957). A theory of the consumption function. Princeton University Press.

Islam, T. (2016). Microcredit and poverty alleviation. Routledge.

Kaboski, J. P., & Townsend, R. M. (2012). The impact of credit on village economies. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 4(2), 98-133.

Karlan, D., & Zinman, J. (2011). Microcredit in theory and practice: using randomized credit scoring for impact evaluation. Science (New York, N.Y.), 332(6035), 1278–1284. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200138.

Khandker, S. R., Koolwal, G. B., & Samad, H. A. (2010). Handbook on impact evaluation: Quantitative methods and practices. World Bank.

Kumar, A., Mishra, A. K., Sonkar, V. K., & Saroj, S. (2020). Access to Credit and Economic Well-Being of Rural Households. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 45(1), 145-160.

Makuluni, F. E., & Dunga, H. M. (2022). The impact of access to credit on welfare inequality in Malawi. Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai Oeconomica, 67(2), 50-66.

Manzilati, A., Kornitasari, Y., Suprayogi, S., & Efani, A. (2022). Analysis Of Factors Affecting Credit Access And Their Impact On Welfare. In Journal of International Conference Proceedings (Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 405-414).

Moahid, M., Khan, G.D., Bari, M.D.A. and Yoshida, Y. (2023), "Does access to agricultural credit help disaster-affected farming households to invest more on agricultural input?", Agricultural Finance Review, Vol. 83 No. 1, pp. 96-106.

Modigliani, F., & Brumberg, R. H. (1954). Utility analysis and the consumption function: An interpretation of cross-section data. In K. K. Kurihara (Ed.), Post-Keynesian economics (pp. 388-436). Rutgers University Press

Morduch, Jonathan. 1999. "The Microfinance Promise." Journal of Economic Literature 37 (4): 1569–1614.DOI: 10.1257/jel.37.4.1569

Ozoh, J. N., Nwogwugwu, U. C., Nwokoye, E. S., & Metu, G. (2022). Impact of access to credit on household welfare in Nigeria. International Journal of Management Studies and Social Science Research, 4(2), 187-198.

Pomi, S. S. (2019). Impact of microcredit on rural poverty alleviation in the context of Bangladesh. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 11(6), 1-70.

Quach, H. M. (2017). Does access to credit improve household welfare in the long-run?. The Journal of Developing Areas, 51(1), 129-142.

Quang Vang, D. A. N. G., Viet Thanh Truc, T. R. A. N., Hieu, P. H. A. M., Van Nam, M. A. I., & Quoc Duy, V. U. O. N. G. (2023). Influence of Credit on the Income of Households Borrowing from Banks: Evidence from Vietnam Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, Kien Giang Province. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 10(2), 257-265.

Santoso, D. B. (2016). Credit accessibility: the impact of microfinance on rural Indonesian households (Doctoral dissertation, Lincoln University).

Stiglitz, J. E., & Weiss, A. (1981). Credit rationing in markets with imperfect information. American Economic Review, 71(3), 393-410.

Shirono, K., Beyene, B., Fareed, F., Loots, C., Quevedo, A., & Naidoo, K. (2024). Understanding Barriers to Financial Access: Insights from Bank Pricing Data. IMF Working Papers, 2024(150), A001. Retrieved Mar 26, 2025, from https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400280627.001.A001

Tonch, H. A. (2020). The Impact of informal credit on household welfare (Doctoral dissertation, KDI School).

Tu, T. T. T., Viet, N. Q., & Loi, H. H. (2015). Determinant of access to rural credit and its effect on living standard: case study about poor households in Northwest, Vietnam (Note 1). International Journal of Financial Research, 6(2).

Downloads

Published

2025-06-30

Issue

Vol. 10 No. 1 (2025): Review of Socio-Economic Perspectives

Section

Research Articles

License

Copyright and Open Access Policy

The Review of Socio-Economic Perspectives (RSEP) is committed to the principles of open access and the widest possible dissemination of scholarly knowledge. The journal provides immediate and unrestricted access to all published content, enabling readers worldwide to freely read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, and link to the full texts of articles without financial, legal, or technical barriers.

RSEP supports the principles of the Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI), which advocates free and unrestricted access to peer-reviewed scholarly research.

Copyright Ownership

Authors retain the copyright of their published works.

By submitting and publishing their manuscripts in RSEP, authors grant the journal a non-exclusive right to publish, reproduce, distribute, archive, index, and preserve the work in electronic and other formats for scholarly communication purposes.

The journal does not require authors to transfer copyright ownership to the publisher. Authors remain the legal copyright holders of their work after publication.

Licensing Policy

Beginning with Volume 2025, all articles published in RSEP are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license, users are permitted to:

  • Read, download, copy, and redistribute the material in any medium or format;
  • Share the work with others;
  • Adapt, remix, transform, and build upon the material;

provided that:

  • Appropriate credit is given to the original author(s) and the journal;
  • A link to the license is provided;
  • Any changes made to the original work are clearly indicated;
  • The material is not used for commercial purposes.

The full license terms are available at:
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

 

Previous Licensing Policy

Articles published before Volume 2025 were distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).

The CC BY 4.0 license permits unrestricted use, distribution, adaptation, and reproduction in any medium, including commercial use, provided that appropriate credit is given to the original author(s) and source.

Articles published under CC BY 4.0 remain subject to the licensing terms that were in effect at the time of publication and are not retroactively relicensed.

Rights Retained by Authors

Authors retain the right to:

  • Share their published articles on personal websites, institutional repositories, and academic networking platforms;
  • Reuse parts or all of their work in future publications, books, teaching materials, and presentations;
  • Deposit the published version of the article in repositories without embargo;
  • Disseminate and promote their research freely.

Rights Granted to the Publisher

Authors grant RSEP the right to:

  • Publish and disseminate the work as the original publisher;
  • Archive and preserve the article permanently;
  • Include the article in indexing, abstracting, and database services;
  • Maintain the official version of record;
  • Promote and distribute the published work through journal platforms and scholarly communication channels.

Open Access Statement

RSEP is a fully open-access journal. All articles are made freely available online immediately upon publication without subscription fees or access restrictions.

No embargo period is applied. Readers may access and use published content in accordance with the applicable Creative Commons license.

The journal believes that open access increases the global visibility, accessibility, usage, and impact of scholarly research while promoting the free exchange of scientific knowledge.

License Consistency

To ensure transparency and compliance with international indexing standards, the licensing information displayed on the journal website, article metadata, PDF files, and publishing platforms will remain consistent and accurately reflect the licensing terms applicable to each published volume.